Adolescence is the time when not only the self-image and self-esteem, but also the physiological body posture is intensely formed. A self-image may be described as a mental construct used by an individual to perceive, describe, understand and present oneself. It is subject to changes throughout life; however, developmental changes (such as maturation, pregnancy, aging) and difficult situations (such as health conditions, psychological crises, accidents) have a particular impact on its development. Disturbances in the above-mentioned areas are of great importance for child’s development and entering into adulthood. The aim of this paper is to present the relationship between abnormal body posture, self-image, self-esteem and social functioning of adolescents. We used the available literature to describe the specifics of puberty and factors influencing physical and mental development of adolescents as well as to characterise the most common bone deformity in this group, i.e. idiopathic scoliosis. We also presented the results of scientific research confirming that the discussed spinal deformity and the method of treatment may have a great impact on the quality of life, body perception, mental state and self-esteem of patients. Therefore, we believe that rehabilitation of children with postural defects or deformities, such as scoliosis, should be comprehensive, including the presence of a psychologist in the therapeutic team. At the same time, it seems worth implementing correction and shaping of correct body posture among children with low self-esteem or lack of self-acceptance.